Oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (OTHB). Perspectiva histórica, efeitos fisiológicos e aplicações clínicas
Palavras-chave:
Hiperbárico, oxigénio, história, fisiologia, terapêutica, aplicaçõesResumo
A oxigenoterapia hiperbárica (OTHB) é uma modalidade de tratamento que consiste na inalação de oxigénio puro (O2 a 100%)
a uma pressão ambiente superior à pressão atmosférica medida ao nível do mar.
Os tratamentos são realizados com os doentes inalando oxigénio puro, alojados no interior de câmaras estanques, pressurizadas com ar (câmaras multi-lugar), ou com oxigénio (câmaras
monolugar), a uma pressão superior a uma atmosfera.
Múltiplos mecanismos fisiológicos, despoletados pelo aumento
da pressão ambiente e pela hiperóxia (redução do volume e do
diâmetro dos êmbolos gasosos, depuração acelerada de gases
tóxicos, hiperoxigenação, vasoconstrição, proliferação fibroblástica, angiogénese, bacteriólise oxidativa leucocitária, inibição de
toxinas, bacteriostase, bacteriólise, sinergismo antibiótico), explicam muitos dos efeitos benéficos da OTHB em várias entidades
patológicas, causadas, agravadas, ou perpetuadas pela hipoxia, ou
pela formação de bolhas gasosas no seio do organismo humano,
tais como: doença de descompressão, embolia gasosa vascular,
intoxicação pelo monóxido de carbono e intoxicação cianídrica,
gangrena gasosa clostridial, infecções necrosantes dos tecidos
moles, osteomielite crónica, feridas crónicas, lesões induzidas
pela exposição prévia a radiações ionizantes, lesões por esmagamento, síndromas compartimentais, viabilização de enxertos e
retalhos músculo-cutâneos, edema, sepsis, queimaduras agudas,
anemia extrema aguda, e muitas outras.
O presente trabalho providencia uma visão geral, relativa aos
aspectos históricos, efeitos fisiológicos, aplicações clínicas e efeitos indesejáveis da OTHB.
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