The Impact of a Vegetarian Diet in Cardiovascular Risk
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24950/Revisao/66/19/1/2020Keywords:
Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Vegetarian, Risk Factors, VegetariansAbstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and chronic disability and optimizing its prevention and management remains a priority. This review aims to provide a critical analysis on the positive and negative aspects concerning the impact of a vegetarian diet in cardiovascular risk.
Results: Overall, vegetarian population presents better cardiovascular risk profile, expressed by lower body mass index, better blood pressure control, reduced pro-atherogenic lipids and better glycaemic control and insulin sensitivity. Other atherogenic paths seem to be influenced, such as chylomicron remnants removal from circulation, oxidative and inflammation profile, blood fluidity and intestinal microbiota. Furthermore, imaging methods have shown better structural and functional vas- cular properties among vegetarians. However, a non-balanced vegetarian diet might lead to nutrients deficit, which could nullify these advantages. These limitations may be overcome through a carefully planned diet and, in some cases, supplements or fortified foods. Ultimately, a beneficial effect is associated with a healthy vegetarian concept, with scarce intake of refined and processed food products, avoiding overconsumption of sugar and trans fats.
Conclusion: Vegetarian diet brings a positive impact in sever- al independent cardiovascular risk factors. Despite the additional challenge in reaching specific macro and micronutrients which are less available in plant-based foods, their shortage can be avoided by planning a well-balanced and complete diet, based on healthy and natural food components. As there is the acknowledgment of its limitations and corresponding precautions are taken, a vegetarian diet could be used as an effective weapon towards prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
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