O Impacto da Dieta Vegetariana no Risco Cardiovascular
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24950/Revisao/66/19/1/2020Palavras-chave:
Dieta Vegetariana, Doenças Cardiovasculares, Fatores de Risco, VegetarianosResumo
Introdução: A doença cardiovascular é uma causa major de morbimortalidade, pelo que otimizar a sua prevenção e gestão continua a ser uma prioridade. Este artigo de revisão tem em vista providenciar uma análise crítica dos aspetos positivos e negativos acarretados por uma dieta vegetariana no risco cardiovascular.
Resultados: Em geral, a população vegetariana apresenta melhor perfil cardiovascular, com valores mais adequados de índice de massa corporal, perfil lipídico e superior controlo tensional e glicémico. Novos mecanismos aterogénicos parecem ser também influenciados como a remoção dos remanescentes de quilomicrons da circulação, o estado inflamatório e oxidativo e a microbiota intestinal. Adicionalmente, métodos de imagem demonstraram características estruturais e funcionais vasculares mais favoráveis em vegetarianos. No entanto, uma dieta vegetariana desequilibrada pode conduzir a défices nutricionais. Estes podem ser facilmente ultrapassados através de um plano nutricional completo e variado, e eventualmente recorrendo a suplementos e alimentos fortificados. Acima de tudo, um efeito benéfico do vegetarianismo estará sempre associado a uma dieta vegetariana equilibrada, com base em alimentos saudáveis, e escassez de produtos alimentícios processados, açúcares refinados e gorduras trans.
Conclusão: A dieta vegetariana resulta em impactos positivos em vários fatores de risco cardiovascular independentes. Apesar do desafio acrescido em obter macro e micronutrientes necessários que possam estar menos disponíveis em alimentos de origem vegetal, o seu défice pode ser evitado através de uma dieta planeada, alicerçada em alimentos naturais e saudáveis. Havendo noção das suas limitações e tomadas as devidas providências, uma dieta vegetariana pode ser utilizada eficientemente contra a doença cardiovascular.
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