Diabetes mellitus and its complications. Undstand to prevent
Keywords:
diabetes mellitus, complications, classification, diagnosis criteria, preventionAbstract
After a brief reference to major Diabetes mellitus complication control programs (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, St. Vincent Declaration, DiabCare), the authors place some proposals for revision of its classification and diagnosis criteria.
Some of up-to-date concepts of physiopathology are approached, and of its complications are afterwards described with emphasis on the essencial aspects of prevention, early diagnosis and treatment.
Downloads
References
Direcção Geral de Saúde. Programa de Controlo da Diabetes Mellitus. Lisboa: 1995.
Akazawa Y. WHO Collaborating Centre for Diabetes Treatment and Education. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1994;24(Suppl):331-333.
Attali JR. DiabCare tools for the control of permanent improvement of the quality of care in diabetes. Diabete Metab 1993;19(5 Suppl):533-537.
The Successes And Challenges Of Diabetes Care. Special Report. Jornais Ibéria. 1997.
National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1039-1057.
lsselbaher KJ, Braunwald E, Wilson JD et al. Harrison 's - Principies of Internal Medicine. New York. McGraw-Hill 1994.
The Expert Committee On The Diagnosis And Classification Of Diabetes Mellitus. Repor! of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care:20:7: 1183.
Laine C, Caro JF. Preventing Complications in Diabetes Mellitus: the role of the primary care physician. Med Clin N Am 1996;80:2:457-474.
Falcão MJ et al. Epidemiologia da diabetes: prevalência e incidência das suas complicações numa coorte de diabéticos portugueses: fase 1 - estudo transversal 1993. Médicos Sentinela. Direcção Regional de Saúde Lisboa. 1994:81.
Knowler WC. Screening for NIDDM: opportunities for detection, treatment and prevention. Diabetes Care 1994;17:445-450.
Atkinson MA, MacLaren NK. The pathogenesis of insuline dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 1994;331: 1428-1436.
Baekkeskov S, Nellsen JH, Marner B, Biide T, Ludvigsson J, et al. Autoantibodies in newly diagnosed diabetic children with
immunoprecipitate human pancreatic islet cell proteins. Nature 1982;298:167-169.
Atkinson MA, MacLaren NK, Riley WJ, Winter WE, et al. Are insulin autoantibodies markers for insulin dependent mellitus? Diabetes l 986;35:894-898.
Kaufman D, Erlander M, Clare-Salzler M, et al. Autoimmunity to two forms of glutamate decarboxylase in insulin-dependenl mellitus. J Clin Invest 1992;89:293-292.
Christie MR, Tun RY, Loss S et al. Antibodies to GAD and tryptic fragments of islet 64K antigen as distint markers for development of IDDM: studies with identical twins. Diabetes 1992;41:782- 787.
Schott M, Schatz D, Atkinson MA et ai. GAD65 autoantibodies increase predictability but not the sensivity of islet cell and insulin autoantibodies for developing insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Autoimmunity 1994;7:865-872.
Schmidi RS, Colman PG, Harrison LC. Do glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies improve the prediction of IDDM in first degree relatives at risk for IDDM? J Autoimmunity 1994;7:873-879.
Myers MA, Rabin DU, Rowley MJ. Pancreatic islett cell cytoplasmatic antibody in diabetes is represented by antibodies to islet cell antigen 512 and glutamic acid decarboxylase. Diabetes 1995;44:1290-1295.
Lans MS, Wasserfall C, Maclaren NK et al. IA-2, a transmembrane protein of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, is a major autoantigen in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:6367-6370.
Lu J, Li Q, Xie H, Chen Z, et al. ldentification of a second transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, IA-2b, as an autoantigen in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: precursor of the 37-KDa tryptic fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:2307-2311.
Cantor AB, Krischer JP, Luthberson DD et al. Age and family relationship accentuate the risk of IDDM in relatives of patients with insulin dependent diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3739-3743.
Timsit J, Boitard C, Bach JF. Immunothérapie du diabete de type 1. Rev Prat 1992;42(9): 1075-1079.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med l 993;329:977-986.
Sandeep V, Timothy PH, Rodney AH. Estimated Benefits of Glycemic Control in Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes. Ann lntern Med 1997;127:788-795.
Mangendrie D, Allannic H. Dépitage et Prévention du diabéte de type 1. Rev Prat 1992;42(9): 1080-1083.
Selam JL, Slama GL. L'administration de l'insuline dans le diabéte de type 1. Rev Prat 1992;42(9): 1094-1098.
Hollander P. Esquemas de insulinoterapia intensiva: deverão usar se em todos os doentes com diabetes tipo I? Postgraduate Medicine 1995;4(2):7-14.
Larsen JL, Duckworth WC, Stratta RJ. Transplante de pâncreas na diabetes tipo 1: serão os beneficias superiores aos riscos? Postgraduate Medicine 1995;4(2):28-32.
Fish LH. Cetoacidose diabética: estratégias terapêuticas para evitar complicações. Postgraduate Medicine 1995;4(2): 16-23.
Halimi S. Éducation diabétique. Rev Prat 1992;42(9):l l 16-1124.
BRAGA DC: Nefropatia Diabética: história natural e atitudes preventivas. Endocrinologia, Metabolismo e Nutrição 1993;2( 1 ):73-78.
Herman WH, Pprior DE, Yassine MD et ai. Nephropathy in NIDDM is associated with cellular markers for hypertension. Diabetes Care 1993;
(5):815-818.
Jordão A, Duarte RS, Caldeira J. Nefropatia diabética e hipertensão arterial. Endocrinologia, Metabolismo e Nutrição 1993;80(2):457- 474.
Cunha JG. História natural da retinopatia diabética. Endocrinologia, Metabolismo e Nutrição 1993;2( 1 ):73-78.
Medina JL. Neuropatia diabética: epidemiologia, factores de risco, etiopatogenia. Endocrinologia, Metabolismo e Nutrição 1993;2(1 ):87-89.
Ellenberg M, Rifkin H. Diabetes Mellitus: theory and practice
Savage PJ. Cardiovascular complications of Diabetes Mellitus: what we know and what we need to know about their prevention. Ann
Intern Med 1996; 124:123-126.
Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso G. Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: which role for oxidative stress? Metabolism l 995;(3):363-368.
Stern MP. Do non insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus share common antecedents? Ann lntern Med 1996;124:110-116.
Fatourechi V, Kennedy FD, Rizza Raet al. A Praticai Guideline for Management of Hypertension in Patients with Diabetes. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;7 I :53-58.
Mendes LM. Curso de Obstetrícia. Livraria Almedina, 1ª edição, 1993.
Vinha E, Marques L, Medina JL. Pé Diabético: um exemplo de consulta. Endocrinologia, Metabolismo e Nutrição 1994;3(5):261- 263.
Pozzili P, Leslie DG. Infections and diabetes: mechanisms and prospects for prevention. Diabetic Medicine Dec 1994;79(2):287- 298.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2023 Medicina Interna
Open Access
