Hepatites tóxicas: revisão da literatura
Palavras-chave:
Hepatite tóxica, hepatite medicamentosResumo
Considera-se hepatite tóxica a lesão hepática causada por
agentes farmacológicos ou químicos, e deve ser considerada
como diagnóstico diferencial na abordagem inicial de patologia
hepática. Os autores apresentam uma revisão da literatura sobre
este tema, abordando a fi siologia da metabolização hepática, factores de risco e predisposição para hepatotoxicidade, critérios de
diagnóstico, quadros clínicos e laboratoriais, fazendo em seguida
referência a vários fármacos classicamente hepatotóxicos, bem
como a medicamentos mais recentes, excipientes e produtos ditos
“naturais”, algumas vezes causadores de lesão hepática.
Downloads
Referências
Almdal TP et al. Incidence of parenchymal liver diseases in Denmark, 1981 to 1985: Analisys of hospitalization registry data. Hepatology 1991;13:650-655.
Ibanez L et al: Prospective surveillance of acute serious liver disease unrelated to infectious, obstructive, or metabolic drugs: epidemiological and clinical features, and exposure to drugs. J Hepatol 2002 ;37(5):592-600.
Biour M et al. Drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The 13th updated edition of the bibliographic database of drug-related liver injuries and responsible drugs. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2000;24(11):1052-1091.
Labib R et al. Inibition of cocaine oxidative metabolism attenuates endotoxin potentiation of cocaine mediated hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2002;179(1-2):9-19.
Campos Franco J et al. Cocaine related fulminant liver failure. An Med Interna 2002 ;19(7):365-367.
Nunez O et al. Variability of the clinical expression of ecstasy-induced hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;25(8):497-500.
Christine A et al: Making a diagnosis of herbal-related toxic hepatitis. West J Med 2002;176(1):39-44.
Larrey D: Drug-induced liver diseases. J Hepatol 2000;32 (1):77-88.
Michael P et al. Immune Aspects of Liver Disease: Lessons for the treatment of autoimmune and viral hepatitis. 8th United European Gasteroenterology Week, November 25 - 30, 2000 – Medscape Conference Coverage http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/420087
Schenker S et al. Drug disposition and hepatotoxicity in the elderly. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994 ;18(3):232-237.
Bissuel F et al. Fulminant hepatitis with severe lactic acidosis in HIV-infected patients on didanosine therapy. J Intern Med 1994;235:367.
William L: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:1118-1127.
Larrey D: Prédisposition Génétique à l´hépatotoxicité des médicaments.Encycl Méd Chir, Hépatologie,7-015-M-44,2002, 5p.
Bacon, Di Bisceglie: Liver Disease Diagnosis and Management – 1st ed. Churchill Livingstone: 294-309
Neil K: Biochemical and Cellular Mechanisms of Toxic Liver Injury. Sem Liver Dis 2002;22(2):137-144
Ramon B et al. Hepatic Stellate Cells as a Target for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis. Sem Liver Dis 2001;21(3):437-451.
Liu ZX et al. Immune-mediated drug-induced liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2002 ;6(3):467-486.
Schenker S et al. Drug disposition and hepatotoxicity in the elderly. J clin Gastroenterol. 1994;18:232.
Fromenty B et al. Inibition of mitochondrial beta-oxidation as a mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Pharmacol Ther 1995;67(1):101-154.
Berson A et al. Steatohepatitis-inducing drugs cause mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid peroxidation in rat hepatocytes. Gastroenterology
;114(4):764-774.
Farrel GC: Drugs and steatohepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 2002;22(2):185-194.
Schenker S et al. Antecedent liver disease and drug toxicity. J Hepatol 1999;31(6):1098-1105.
Callaghan R et al. Hepatic enzyme activity is the major factor determining elimination rate of high-clearance drugs in cirrhosis. Hepatology
;18(1):54-60.
Ulshen MH et al. Hepatoxicity with encephalopathy associated with aspirin therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Pediatr 1978 ;93(6):1034-1037.
Bernstein BH et al. Aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity and its effect on juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Dis Child 1977 ;131(6):659-663.
Gallo M et al. Acute hepatitis in a patient with adult onset Still disease. Clin Ter 1997;148(4):183-187.
Neuberger J: Halothane hepatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10(8):631-633.
Hautekeete ML: Hepatotoxicity of antibiotics. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1995;58(3-4):290-296.
Black M et al. Isoniazid-associated hepatitis in 114 patients. Gastroenterology 1975;69(2):289-302.
Nolan CM et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with isoniazid preventive therapy: a 7-year survey from a public health tuberculosis clinic. JAMA
;281(11):1014-1018.
Ansari A et al. Thiopurine methyltransferase activity and the use of azathioprine in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther
;16(10):1743-1750.
Steen VM et al. Detection of the poor metabolizer-associated CYP2D6(D) gene deletion allele by long-PCR technology. Pharmacogenetics 1995;5(4):215-223.
Olomu AB et al. High incidence of poor sulfoxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1988 ;318(17):1089-1092.
McFadden SA. Phenotypic variation in xenobiotic metabolism and adverse environmental response: focus on sulfur-dependent detoxification pathways. Toxicology 1996;111(1-3):43-65.
Spielberg SP et al. Glutathione synthetase-deficient lymphocytes and acetaminophen toxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;29(1):51-55.
Leng G et al. Polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases and susceptibility to acrylonitrile and dimethylsulfate in cases of intoxication. Toxicol Lett 2002;134(1-3):209-217.
Norppa H: Cytogenetic markers of susceptibility: influence of polymorphic carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105 (4):829-835.
McNally PR: Drug-Induced Liver Disease. GI/Liver Secrets, Info Access, 1996: 174-175.
Lee WM: Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:474-485.
Maria VA et al. Lymphocyte reactivity to ex-vivo drug antigens in druginduced hepatitis. J Hepatol 1994;21(2):151-158.
Maria VA et al. Immunological investigation in hepatic drug reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28 (4):71-77.
Danan G et al. Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs--I. A novel method based on the conclusions of international consensus meetings: application to drug-induced liver injuries. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46(11):1323-1330.
Danan G et al. Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs--II. An original model for validation of drug causality assessment methods: case reports with positive rechallenge. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46(11):1331-1336.
Maria VA et al. Development and validation of a clinical scale for the diagnosis of drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatology 1997;26(3):664-669.
Lucena MI et al. Comparison of two clinical scales for causality assessment in hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 2001;33(1):123-130.
Sherlock S, Dooley J: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System – 11th edition. Blackwell Publishing: 335-359.
Neuberger JM: Halothane and hepatitis. Inceidence, predisposing factors and exposure guidelines. Drug Saf 1990 ;5(1):28-38.
Gut J et al. Molecular mimicry in halothane hepatitis: biochemical and structural characterization of lipoylated autoantigens. Toxicology Mar 31;97(1-3):199-224.
Detkova Z et al. Actualités sur les hépatites médicamenteuses. Le Concours Medical Fev 2002 ;124(4) :237-242.
Klein NC et al. Propoxyphene (Darvon) hepatotoxicity. Am J Dig Dis 1971;16(5):467-469.
Desruelles F et al. Hepatotoxicity caused by dextropropoxyphene. Two cases, one of them with recurrence. Therapie 1994;49(6):521-522.
Kanada SA et al. Aspirin hepatotoxicity. Am J Hosp Pharm 1978;35(3):330-336.
Lopez-Morante AJ et al. Aspirin-induced cholestatic hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993 ;16(3):270-272.
D’Abrigeon G et al. Liver cirrhosis and granulomatous hepatitis after prolonged ingestion of lysine acetylsalicylate. Gastroenterol Clin Biol
;19(11):944-947.
Trost LC et al. The mitochondrial permeability transition: a new patho-physiological mechanism for Reye’s syndrome and toxic liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;278(3):1000-1005.
Pessayre D et al. Hepatotoxicity due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Biol Toxicol 1999;15(6):367-373.
Wood LJ et al. Sulindac hepatotoxicity: effects of acute and chronic exposure. Aust N Z J Med 1985;15(4):397-401.
Jesus E et al. Dois casos de hepatite tóxica pelo diclofenac de sódio. Rev Gastrenterol-Cir 1994;11(53):100-109.
Liu ZX et al. Immune-mediated drug-induced liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2002 ;6(3):467-486.
Banks AT et al. Diclofenac associated hepatotoxicity: analysis of 180 cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration as adverse reactions. Hepatology 1995; 22(3):820-827.
McClain CJ et al. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: An update. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999;1(1):42-49.
Bessems JG et al: Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches. Crit Rev Toxicol 2001;31(1):55-138.
Rumack BH: Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002;40(1):3-20.
Horowitz S et al. Hepatotoxic reactions associated with carbamazepine therapy. Epilepsia 1988;29(2):149-154.
Schlienger RG et al. Antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome. Epilepsia 1998;39 (7):S3-7.
Ramos AM et al. Reversible vanishing bile duct syndrome induced by carbamazepine. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14(9):1019-1022.
Gungor E et al. Phenytoin hypersensitivity syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38(4):740-743.
Lachgar T et al. The drug hypersensitivity syndrome or DRESS syndrome to Phenobarbital. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 2001;33(4):173-175.
Eadie MJ et al. Valproate-associated hepatotoxicity and its biochemical mechanisms. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1988 ;3(2):85-106.
Konig SA et al. Fatal liver failure associated with valproate therapy in a patient with Friedreich’s disease: review of valproate hepatotoxicity in adults. Epilepsia 1999;40(7):1036-1040.
Gresser U: Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid therapy may be associated with severe side effects -- review of the literature. Eur J Med Res 2001;6(4):139-149.
Berg P et al. Hepatotoxic reactions induced by beta-lactamase inhibitors. Eur J Med Res 2001;6(12):535-542.
Delgado C et al. Hepatite tóxica medicamentosa. Med-interna 1999;6(2):107-110.
Koek GH et al. Flucloxacillin-associated hepatic injury. Liver 1994;14(5):225-229.
Devereaux BM et al. Flucloxacillin associated cholestatic hepatitis. An Australian and Swedish epidemic? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;49(1-2):81-85.
Maccherini M et al. Ceftriaxone-induced cholelithiasis. Pediatr Med Chir 1998;20(5):341-343.
de Moor RA et al. Ceftriaxone-associated nephrolithiasis and biliary pseudolithiasis. Eur J Pediatr 1999 ;158(12):975-977.
Douglas N et al. Fluoroquinolones Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21(10s):253s-272s.
Contreras MA et al. Severe ciprofloxacin-induced acute hepatitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;20(6):434-435.
Coleman CI et al. Possible gatifloxacin-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36(7-8):1162-1167.
Bataille L et al. Delayed and prolonged cholestatic hepatitis with ductopenia after long-term ciprofloxacin therapy for Crohn’s disease. J Hepatol 2002;37(5):696-699.
Derby LE et al. Erythromycin-associated cholestatic hepatitis. Med J Aust 1993;158(9):600-602.
Lienart F et al. Doxycycline and hepatotoxicity. Acta Clin Belg 1992;47(3):205-208.
Bjornsson E et al. Liver reactions to oral low-dose tetracyclines. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32(4):390-395.
Bernier C et al. Minocycline. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001;128(5):627-637.
Berg PA et al. Co-trimoxazole-induced hepatic injury--an analysis of cases with hypersensitivity-like reactions. Infection 1987;15 (5):S259-264.
Junghanss BG: Increase in transaminases in HIV infection. Toxic liver cell damage with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole administration in HIV infection. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1998;87(10):361-362.
Paiva LA et al. Long-term hepatic memory for hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin. Am J Gastroenterol 1992 ;87(7):891-893.
Schattner A et al. Nitrofurantoin-induced immune-mediated lung and liver disease. Am J Med Sci 1999;317(5):336-340.
Amit G et al. Nitrofurantoin-induced chronic active hepatitis. Isr Med Assoc J 2002;4(3):184-186.
Vasudeva R et al. Isoniazid-related hepatitis. Dig Dis 1997;15(6):357-367.
Nolan CM: Hepatotoxicity associated with isoniazid preventive therapy: a 7-year survey from a public health tuberculosis clinic. JAMA 1999;281(11):1014-1018.
Patel PA: Prevalence and interaction of hepatitis B and latent tuberculosis in Vietnamese immigrants to the United States. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(5):1198-1203.
Huang YS et al. Polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase 2 gene as a susceptibility risk factor for antituberculosis drug-induced hepatitis. Hepatology 2002;35(4):883-889.
Corbella X et al. Hypersensitivity hepatitis due to pyrazinamide. Scand J Infect Dis 1995;27:93.
Durand F et al. Deleterious influence of pyrazinamide on the outcome of patients with fulminant or subfulminant liver failure during antituberculous treatment including isoniazid. Hepatology 1995;21(4):929-932.
al Sarraf KA et al. Hepatotoxicity after a short course of low-dose pyrazinamide. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1996;59(4):251-253.
Jasmer RM et al. Short-course rifampin and pyrazinamide compared with isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection: a multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(8):640-647.
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: fatal and severe liver injuries associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide treatment for latent tuberculosis infection. JAMA 2002 ;288(23):2967.
Garcia Rodriguez LA et al. A cohort study on the risk of acute liver injury among users of ketoconazole and other antifungal drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999 ;48(6):847-852.
Bradburry BD et al. Itraconazole and Fluconazole and Certain rare, serious adverse events. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22(6):697-700.
van Outryve S et al. Methotrexate-associated liver toxicity in a patient with breast cancer: case report and literature review. Neth J Med 2002 ;60(5):216-222.
Stereck M, Wiesner R, Ascher N, Roberts J, Ferrell L, Ludwing J et al. Azathioprine hepatotoxicity after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1991; 14: 806-810.
Bouhnik Y, Lémann M, Mary JY, Scemama G, Taï R, Matuchansky C et al. Long-term follow of patients with Crohn’s disease treated with azathioprine or 6-mercaptupurine. Lancet 1996; 347: 215-259.
Brodsky R et al. Frequency of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in bone marrow transplantation with a modified busulfan/cyclophosphamide preparative regimen. Am J Clin Oncol 1990 ;13(3):221-225.
Modzelewski JR et al. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver induced by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Mod Pathol 1994;7(9):967-972.
Herishanu Y et al. The role of glucocorticoids in the treatment of fulminant hepatitis induced by dacarbazine. Anticancer Drugs 2002 ;13(2):177-179.
Rush DN: Cyclosporine toxicity to organs other than the kidney. Clin Biochem 1991;24(1):101-105.
Ngo MD et al. Acute hepatitis in the course of cyclosporine therapy of Crohn’s disease. Presse Med 1999 ;28(34):1873-1875.
Hagley MT et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Ann Pharmacother 1993 ;27(2):228-231.
Webster J et al. Aspects of tolerability of centrally acting antihypertensive drugs. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996;27 (3):S49-54.
Thomas LA et al. Acute reactive hepatitis in pregnancy induced by alphamethyldopa. Obstet Gynecol 1997;90(4 Pt 2):658-659.
Bourdi M et al. Interactions of dihydralazine with cytochromes P4501A: a possible explanation for the appearance of anti-cytochrome P4501A2 auto-antibodies. Mol Pharmacol 1994;45(6):1287-1295.
Rigas B et al. The evolving spectrum of amiodarone hepatotoxicity. Hepatology 1989;10(1):116-117.
Breuer HW et al. Amiodarone-induced severe hepatitis mediated by immunological mechanisms. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;36(6):350-352.
Jain D et al. Granular cells as a marker of early amiodarone hepatotoxicity. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000;31(3):241-243.
Giannattasio F et al. Three cases of severe acute hepatitis after parenteral administration of amiodarone: the active ingredient is not the only agent responsible for hepatotoxicity. Ann Ital Med Int 2002 ;17(3):180-184.
Punukollu RC et al. Quinine hepatotoxicity. An underrecognized or rare phenomenon? Arch Intern Med 1990 ;150(5):1112-1113.
Hannaford PC et al. Combined oral contraceptives and liver disease. Contraception 1997 ;55(3):145-151.
Farinati F et al. Estrogens receptors and oxidative damage in the liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002 ;193(1-2):85-88.
Presa J et al. Hepatite colestática aguda pela flutamida. Med-interna 2004;11(4):195-196.
Giordano N et al. Acute hepatitis induced by cyproterone acetate. Ann Pharmacother 2001;35(9):1053-1055.
Kacar S et al. Estrogen and cyproterone acetate combination-induced autoimmune hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002 ;35(1):98-100.
Stimac D et al. Androgenic/Anabolic steroid-induced toxic hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002;35(4):350-352.
Chitturi S et al. Hepatotoxicity of commonly used drugs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic agents, anti-convulsants, lipid-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs. Semin Liver Dis 2002;22(2):169-183.
Braun JS et al. Hepatitis caused by antidepressive therapy with maprotiline and opipramol. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998 ;31(4):152-155.
Andrade RJ et al. Severe acute hepatitis due to allopurinol in a patient with asymptomatic hyperuricemia and kidney failure. A review of the literature and an analysis of the risk factors. Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997 ;20(7):353-356.
Rabkin JM et al. Liver transplantation for disulfiram-induced hepatic failure. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(5):830-831.
Balakirev MY et al. Mitochondrial injury by disulfiram: two different mechanisms of the mitochondrial permeability transition. Chem Biol Interact 2001;138(3):299-311.
Eliasson E et al. Expression of autoantibodies to specific cytochromes P450 in a case of disulfiram hepatitis. J Hepatol 1998;29(5):819-825.
Weiss VC et al. Chronic active hepatitis associated with etretinate therapy. Br J Dermatol 1985 May;112(5):591-597.
Vahlquist A et al. Differential hepatotoxicity of two oral retinoids (etretinate and isotretinoin) in a patient with palmoplantar psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65(4):359-362.
Fallon MB et al. Hepatic toxicity of vitamin A and synthetic retinoids. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;5(3):334-342.
Torres M et al. Acute cholestatic hepatitis induced by cerivastatin. Med Clin (Barc) 2002;118(18):717.
Bolego C et al. Safety considerations for statins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13(6):637-644.
Ganne-Carrie N et al. Autoimmune hepatitis induced by fibrates. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1998;22(5):525-529.
Guimarães F et al. Hepatotoxicidade por ticlopidina: a propósito de três casos clínicos. Med-interna 2001;8(2):132-137.
Remy AJ et al. Acute hepatitis after riluzole administration. J Hepatol 1999;30(3):527-530.
Assal F et al. Tolcapone and fulminant hepatitis. Lancet 1998;352(9132):958.
Haasio K et al. Entacapone does not induce conformational changes in liver mitochondria or skeletal muscle in vivo. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2002;54(1):9-14.
Odeh M et al. Severe hepatotoxicity with jaundice associated with paroxetine. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96(8):2494-2496.
Azaz-Livshits T et al. Paroxetine associated hepatotoxicity: a report of 3 cases and a review of the literature. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002 ;35(3):112-115.
Fartoux-Heymann L et al. Acute fatal hepatitis related to sertraline. J Hepatol 2001;35(5):683-684.
Carvajal GP et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with the new antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 ;63(2):135-137.
Carr A et al. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 2000; 356: 1423-1430.
Dusoleil A et al. Glimepiride-induced acute hepatitis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1999;23(10):1096-1097.
Sitruk V et al. Acute cholestatic hepatitis induced by glimepiride. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2000;24(12):1233-1234.
Diaz-Gutierrez FL et al. Acarbose-induced acute hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93(3):481.
Carrascosa M et al. Acarbose-induced acute severe hepatotoxicity. Lancet 1997;349(9053):698-699.
Watkins PB et al. Hepatic dysfunction associated with troglitazone. N Engl J Med 1998;338(13):916-917.
Li H et al. Troglitazone-induced fulminant hepatitis: report of a case with autopsy findings. J Diabetes Complications 2000;14(3):175-177.
May L et al. Mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic liver injury after pioglitazone therapy. Ann Intern Med 2002;136:449-452.
Bonkovsky HL et al. Severe cholestatic hepatitis caused by thiazolidinediones: risks associated with substituting rosiglitazone for troglitazone. Dig Dis Sci 2002 ;47(7):1632-1637.
Gouda HE et al. Liver failure in a patient treated with long-term rosiglitazone therapy. Am J Med. 2001 ;111(7):584-585.
Dhawan M et al. Rosiglitazone-induced granulomatous hepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002 ;34(5):582-584.
Scheen AJ. Hepatotoxicity with thiazolidinediones: is it a class effect? Drug Saf 2001;24(12):873-888.
Ferreiro C et al. Hepatitis tóxica por nimesulida. Presentación de un nuevo caso y revisión de la bibliografía. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;23(9):428-430.
Merlani G et al. Fatal hepatoxicity secondary to nimesulide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001;57(4):321-326.
Dumortier J et al. Subfulminant hepatitis associated with nimesulide treatment requiring liver transplantation. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2002;26(4):415-416.
Boelsterli UA et al. Mechanisms of NSAID-induced hepatotoxicity: focus on nimesulide. Drug Saf 2002;25(9):633-648.
Rodrigo L et al. Nimesulide-induced severe hemolytic anemia and acute liver failure leading to liver transplantation. Drug Saf 2002;25(9):633-648.
Galan MV et al. Celecoxib-induced cholestatic hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 2001;134(3):254.
Grieco A et al. Acute cholestatic hepatitis associated with celecoxib. Ann Pharmacother 2002 ;36(12):1887-1889.
Huster D et al. Rofecoxib-induced cholestatic hepatitis: treatment with molecular adsorbent recycling system (MARS). J Hepatol 2002 ;37(3):413-414.
Reinus JF et al. Severe liver injury after treatment with the leukotriene receptor antagonist zafirlukast. Ann Intern Med 2000 ;133(12):964-968.
Actis GC et al. Zafirlukast-related hepatitis: report of a further case. J Hepatol 2001;35(4):539-541.
Danese S et al. Severe liver injury associated with zafirlukast. Ann Intern Med 2001;135(10):930.
Suriaqinata A et al. A 33-year-old woman with jaundice after azithromicin use. Semin Liver Dis 2002;22(2):207-210.
Chandrupatla S et al. Azithromicin induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47(10):2186-2188.
Gomez Caturla A et al. Acute hepatitis associated with lamotrigine administration. Med Clin (Barc) 1998;111(17):675-676.
Overstreet K et al. Fatal progressive hepatic necrosis associated with lamotrigine treatment: a case report and literature review. Dig Dis Sci 2002;47(9):1921-1925.
Veyrac G et al. Characteristics of hypersensitivity syndrome to lamotrigine: review of one case reported in the Regional Center of Pharmacovigilance of Nantes. Therapie 2002 ;57(3):289-296.
Willens HJ. Clopidogrel-induced mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic liver injury. Med Clin (Barc) 2002 ;119(1):37.
Duran Quintana JA et al. Clopidogrel probably induced hepatic toxicity. Med Clin (Barc) 2002;119(1):37.
Oien KA et al. Cirrhosis with steatohepatitis after adjuvant tamoxifen. Lancet 1999 ;353(9146):36-37
Ficheiros Adicionais
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
Direitos de Autor (c) 2023 Medicina Interna
Acesso livre
