Oclusão carotídea bilateral completa

Autores

  • Paulo Reis Pina , Interno do Complementar de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Medicina II e Serviço de Neurorradiologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisboa
  • João Pacheco Pereira Interno do Complementar de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Medicina II e Serviço de Neurorradiologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisboa
  • Cristina Branco Assistente Hospitalar de Neurorradiologia, Serviço de Medicina II e Serviço de Neurorradiologia, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisboa
  • Francisco Silva Assistente Hospitalar Graduado de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Medicina II, Hospital Egas Moniz
  • José Pimenta da Graça Chefe de Serviço de Medicina Interna, Serviço de Medicina II, Hospital Egas Moniz

Palavras-chave:

artéria carótida interna, estenose carotídea, oclusão carotídea, placa de ateroma, aterosclerose, acidente vascular cerebral isquémico

Resumo

Os doentes com oclusão da artéria carótida
interna têm sido identificados como tendo um
risco aumentado para acidentes vasculares cerebrais.
Os casos de oclusão completa bilateral das artérias carótidas são raros.
Vários factores contribuem para a aterosclerose carotídea.
As consequências hemodinâmicas da obstrução do fluxo sanguíneo cerebral podem ser
amenizadas pelo desenvolvimento de circulação colateral.
A este propósito, os autores apresentam um
caso clínico de oclusão bilateral da carótida
interna, discutindo-se a patologia aterosclerótica carotídea.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Gelabert HA, Moore WS. Carotid endarterectomy: current status. Curr Probl Surgery 1991;28:181-262.

Moore WS, Boren C, Malone JM, Goldstone J. Natural history of nonstenotic asymptomatic ulcerative lesions of the carotid artery. Arch

Surg 1978;113:1352-1359.

Forteza A, Rabinstein A. Angioplastia y stenting de la estenosis carotídea. Alternativa terapéutica o posibilidad técnica? Rev Neurol

;32(3):270-275.

Vernieri F, Pasqualetti P, Passarell F, Rossini PM, Silvestrini M. Outcome of carotid artery occlusion is predicted by cerebrovascular

reactivity. Stroke 1999;30:593-598.

Bladin CF, Chambers BR. Frequency and pathogenesis of hemodynamic stroke. Stroke 1994;25:2179-2182.

AbuRahma AF, Wulu JT Jr, Crotty B. Carotid plaque ultrasonic heterogeneity and severity of stenosis. Stroke 2002;33:1772-1775.

Biller J, Feinberg WM, Castaldo JE et al. Guidelines for carotid endarterectomy. Stroke 1998;29:554-562.

Sloan M, Haley E. The syndrome of bilateral hemispheric border zone ischemia. Stroke 1990;21:1668-1673.

European Carotid Surgery Trialists Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: fi nal results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;351:1379-1387.

Su T-C, Jeng J-S, Chien K-L, Sung F-C, Hsu H-C, Lee Y-T. Hypertension status is the major determinant of carotid atherosclerosis: a

community-based study in Taiwan. Stroke 2001;32:2265-2271.

Liapis CD, Kakisis JD, Kostakis AG. Carotid stenosis: factors affecting symptomatology. Stroke 2001;32:2782-2786.

Rastenyté D, Tuomilheto J, Sarti C. Genetics of stroke: a review. J Neurol Sci 1998;153:132-145.

Mathiesen EB, Bønaa KH, Joakimsen O. Low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol are associated with echolucent carotid artery

plaques. The Tromsø Study. Stroke 2001;32:1960-1965.

Kiechl S, Werner P, Egger G, Oberhollenzer F, Mayr M, Xu Q et al. Active and passive smoking, chronic infections, and the risk of carotid

atherosclerosis. Prospective results from the Bruneck study. Stroke 2002;33:2170-2176.

Streifl er JY, Rosenberg N, Chetrit A, Eskaraev R, Sela BA, Dardik R et al. Cerebrovascular events in patients with signifi cant stenosis of the

carotid artery are associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and platelet antigen-1 (leu33pro) polymorphism. Stroke 2001;32:2753-2758.

Handin RI. Bleeding and thrombosis. In Fauci AS et al, eds.-Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill 1998:339-

McNeil HP, Simpson RI, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA. Antiphospholipids antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid

binding inhibitor of coagulation: Beta 2 Glicoprotein I (Apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990;87:4120-4124.

Toschi V, Motta A, Castelli C, Parachini ML, Zerbi D, Gibelli A. High prevalence of antiphosphatidylinositol antibodies in young patients

with cerebral ischemic of undetermined cause. Stroke 1998;29:1759-1764.

Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an infl ammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-126.

Espinola-Klein C, Rupprecht H-J, Blankenberg S, Bickel C, Kopp H, Victor A, et al. Impact of infectious burden on progression of carotid

atherosclerosis. Stroke 2002;33:2581-2586.

Ameriso SF, Fridman EA, Leiguarda RC, Sevlever GE. Detection of Helicobacter pylori in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Stroke

;32:385-391.

Fagerberg B, Gnarpe J, Gnarpe H, Agewall S, Wikstrand J. Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Cytomegalovirus antibodies are associated with

future risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease: a prospective study in middle-aged to elderly men with treated hypertension. Stroke

;30:299-305.

Melnick SL, Shahar E, Folsom AR, Grayston JT, Sorlie PD, Wang SP et al. Past infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR and

asymptomatic, carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Am J Med 1993;95:499-504.

Nieto FJ, Adam E, Sorlie P, Farzadegan H, Melnick JL, Comstock GW et al. Cohort study of Cytomegalovirus infection as a risk factor for

carotid intimal-medial thickening, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis. Circulation 1996;94:922-927.

Sterpetti AV, Schultz RD, Feldhaus RJ, Davenport KL, Richardson M, Farina C, et al. Ultrasonographic features of carotid plaque and the risk

of subsequent neurologic defi cits. Surgery 1988;104:652-660.

Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste D, Felszeghy S, Csiba L, Popa V, Hegedüs K et al. Detection of carotid artery stenosis by in vivo duplex

ultrasound. correlation with planimetric measurements of the corresponding postmortem specimens. Stroke 2002;33:2402-2407.

Berman SS, Devine JJ, Erdoes LS, Hunter GC. Distinguishing carotid artery pseudoocclusion with colorfl ow Doppler. Stroke 1995;26:43-48.

AbuRahma AF, Pollack JA, Robinson PA, Mullins D. The reliability of color duplex ultrasound in diagnosing total carotid artery occlusion.

Am J Surg 1997;174:185-187.

Mansour MA, Mattos MA, Hood DB, Hodgson KJ, Barkmeier LD, Ramsey DE et al. Detection of total occlusion, string sign, and preoclusive stenosis of the internal carotid artery by colorfl ow duplex scanning. Am J Surg 1995;170:154-158.

Demchuk AM, Christou I, Wein TH, Felberg RA, Malkoff M, Grotta JC et al. Specifi c Transcranial Doppler Flow Findings Related to the

Presence and Site of arterial Occlusion. Stroke 2000;31:140-146.

Taylor DC. Current non invasive diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis: indications and limitations. Can J Surg 1994;37(2):114-123.

Sitzer M, Müller W, Rademacker J. Color Doppler-assisted duplex imaging fail to detect ulceration in high-grade internal carotid stenosis.

J Vasc Surg 1996;23:461-465.

Escribano Ferrer JM, Juan Samso J, Royo Serrando J, Fernández Valenzuela V, Bellmunt Montoya S, Matas Docampo M. Use of ultra-sound contrast in the diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion. J Vasc Surg 2000;31:736-741.

Heiserman JE, Drayer BP, Fram EK, Keller PJ, Bird CR, Hodak JA et al. Carotid artery stenosis: clinical effi cacy of twodimensional time of

fl ight MR angiography. Radiology 1992;182:761-768.

Anson JA, Heiserman JE, Drayer BP, Spetzler RF. Surgical decisions on the basis of magnetic resonance angiography of the carotid arteries.

Neurosurgery 1993;32:335-343.

Nederkoorn PJ, Mali W, Eikelboom B, Elgersma O, Buskens E, Hunink MG et al. Preoperative Diagnosis of Carotid Artery Stenosis. Accuracy

of noninvasive testing. Stroke 2002;33:2003-2008.

Bennett SA, Tenniswood M, Chen JH, Davidson CM, Keyes MT Fortin T, Pappas BA. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion elicits neuronal

apoptosis and behavioural impairment. Neuro Report 1998;9(1):161-166.

Nadasy G, Mela-Riker L, Reivich M, Kovach A. Parallel changes in brain tissue blood fl ow and mitochondrial function during and after

minutes of bilateral forebrain ischemia in the gerbil. Acta Physiol Hung 1989;74(3-4):267-276.

Lustgarten JH, Solomon RA, Quest DO, Khanjdi AG, Mohr JP. Carotid endarterectomy after non invasive evaluation by Duplex Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Angiography. Neurosurgery 994;34:612-619.

Powers WJ, Tempel LW, Grubb RL Jr. Infl uence of cerebral hemodynamics on stroke risk: one year follow-up of 30 medically treated

patients. Ann Neurol 1989;25:325-330.

Coyle P, Panzenbeck MJ. Collateral development after carotid artery occlusion in Fischer 344 rats. Stroke 1990;21:316-321.

Henderson R, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Rothwell PM, Barnett HJ, for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group. Angiographically defi ned collateral circulation and risk of stroke in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. Stroke

;31:128-132.

Hendrikse J, Hartkamp M, Hillen B, Mali W, van der Grond J. Collateral ability of the circle of willis in patients with unilateral internal carotid

artery occlusion. border zone infarcts and clinical symptoms. Stroke 2001;32:2768-2773.

Kluytmans M, van der Grond J, van Everdingen KJ, Klijn CJ, Kappelle LJ, Viergever MA. Cerebral hemodynamics in relation to patterns of

collateral fl ow. Stroke 1999;30:1432-1439.

Catala M, Rancurel G, Raynaud C, Leder S, Kieffer E, Koskas F. Bilateral occlusion of the internal carotid arteries. Analysis of a series

of 19 patients. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1995;151(11):648-656.

Rossi GP, Rossi A, Sacchetto A, Pavan E, Pessina AC. Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and the renin-angiotensin system. Stroke

;26:1700-1706.

Gorelick PB. Stroke prevention therapy beyond antithrombotics: unifying mechanisms in ischemia stroke pathogenesis and implications

for therapy. Stroke 2002;33:862-875.

Bosch J, Yusuf S, Pogue J, Sleight, Lonn E, Rangoonwala B et al. Use of ramipril in preventing stroke: double blind randomised trial. Br Med

J 2002;324:1-5.

PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised Trial of a perindopril based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with

previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-1041.

Mascio RD, Marchioli R, Tognoni G. Cholesterol reduction and stroke occurrence: an overview of randomized clinical trials. Cerebrovasc Dis

;10:85-92.

Gil-Núñez AC, Villanueva JA. Advantages of lipid-lowering therapy in cerebral ischemia. Role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Cerebrovasc

Dis 2001;11(Suppl 1):85-95.

Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM Jr, Basson CT. The evolving role of statins in the management of aterosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1-10.

Plehn J, Davis B, Sacks F, Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, Berstein V et al. Reduction of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction with pravastatin. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Study. Circulation 1999;99:216-223.

The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death

with coronary heart disease and a broad range or initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357.

Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4,444 patients with coronary heart disease: the

Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389.

Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22.

Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D et al. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol

Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285:1711-1718.

Major Ongoing Stroke Trials. Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL). Stroke 2002;33:2525-2535.

Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation

and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.

Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, Wedel Hans, Beevers G et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive

patients who have average or lower than average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial - Lipid

lowering arm (ASCOT-LA): a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149-1158.

Farmer JA. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2000;2:208-217.

Crouse JR III, Byington R, Bond M, Espeland M, Craven T, Sprinkle J et al. Pravastatin, Lipids, and Atherosclerosis in the Carotid Arteries

(PLAC-II). Am J Cardiol 1995;75(7):455-459.

Furberg CD, Adams HP Jr, Applegate WB, Byington RP, Espeland MA, Hartwell T et al. Effect of lovastatin on early carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Progression Study (ACAPS) Research Group. Circulation 1994;90(4):1679-1687.

Straus SE, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA. New Evidence for Stroke Prevention: Scientifi c Review. JAMA 2002;288:1388-1395.

Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002;324:71-86.

Mohr JP, Thompson JLP, Lazar RM, Levin B, Sacco RL, Furie KL et al. The Warfarin–Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study Group. AComparison of

Warfarin and Aspirin for the Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1444-1451.

Powers WJ. Oral Anticoagulant Therapy for the Prevention of stroke. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1493-1495. (Editorial)

MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial. Interim results for symptomatic patients with severe (70-99%) or with mild (0-29%) carotid stenosis.

European Carotid Surgery Trialists’ Colaborative Group. Lancet 1991;337:1235-1243.

Kappelle LJ, Eliasziw M, Fox AJ, Sharpe BL, Barnett HJM; for the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Group. Importance of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease in Patients With Symptomatic Stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery. Stroke 1999;30:282-286.

Sannella NA. Bilateral severe carotid stenosis or occlusion and computed tomographic scan positive hemispheric stroke with neurologic

deficit: immediate contralateral carotid endarterectomy. Ann Vasc Surg 1992;6(3):252-257.

Borrás JM, Peerless SJ. Manejo actual de la estenosis carotídea. Qué es lo que la evidencia nos demuestra? Rev Neurol 1999;28(3):256-263

Ficheiros Adicionais

Publicado

30-09-2004

Como Citar

1.
Reis Pina P, Pacheco Pereira J, Branco C, Silva F, Pimenta da Graça J. Oclusão carotídea bilateral completa. RPMI [Internet]. 30 de Setembro de 2004 [citado 18 de Abril de 2024];11(3):132-8. Disponível em: https://revista.spmi.pt/index.php/rpmi/article/view/1755

Edição

Secção

Casos Clínicos

Artigos mais lidos do(s) mesmo(s) autor(es)

1 2 > >>